{"id":42593,"date":"2022-02-18T07:00:19","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T06:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/what-types-of-variables-do-we-have-in-arduino\/"},"modified":"2023-09-25T09:01:39","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T07:01:39","slug":"what-types-of-variables-do-we-have-in-arduino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.store\/blog\/what-types-of-variables-do-we-have-in-arduino\/","title":{"rendered":"What types of variables do we have in Arduino?"},"content":{"rendered":"Reading time:<\/span> 6<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Variables in Arduino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In programming the type of declared variables is very important. It determines the correctness of the code, as well as the capabilities of the variable and, for example, the accuracy of calculations in the program we write. This article presents the types of variables used in programming in Arduino IDE environment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Computer programming with variables<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Computers, including miniature prototyping platforms like the Arduino, perform calculations and logic operations using a processor. At the heart of the processor and microcontroller, is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which\u00a0performs simple operations on locations in memory<\/span>, such as addition, subtraction and logical product. The arithmetic-logic unit does not recognise what this data represents, even despite the knowledge of the designer or target user. Data subject to arithmetic-logic operations, are needed in performing calculations on\u00a0integers as well as floating-point numbers<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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All the context for these operations comes from the compiler<\/span>, and hints about the context come to the compiler from the user. The programmer’s task, on the other hand, is to tell the compiler which of the values taken for calculations is an integer and which is a floating-point number. Thus, the compiler must understand what we mean when, for example, we want to add together two numbers – one integer and the other – floating point. In some cases it is a simple operation, and in other cases it is not. This seemingly simple process is\u00a0more complex than it may seem<\/span>, especially when viewed from the perspective of performing these calculations directly by a human on a piece of paper or in memory. For this reason, when entering numerical data into a program,\u00a0it is necessary to specify the type of variable<\/span>\u00a0assigned to this argument.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Arduino - variables types<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Variable types\u00a0are used to specify data types<\/span>\u00a0and associated functions to handle data. Specifying them is used to declare functions and variables that define the bit pattern and memory space.<\/p>

The following variable types are used in the Arduino IDE development environment, which we will discuss with examples:<\/p>

  • void<\/code><\/li>
  • int<\/code><\/li>
  • char<\/code><\/li>
  • float<\/code><\/li>
  • double<\/code><\/li>
  • unsigned int<\/code><\/li>
  • short<\/code><\/li>
  • long<\/code><\/li>
  • unsigned long<\/code><\/li>
  • byte<\/code><\/li>
  • word<\/code><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Void<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The void data type specifies an empty set of values and is only used to declare functions. It is used as the return type for functions that do not return any value. Consider the following code:<\/p>

    1. int a = 5;<\/code><\/li>
    2. void setup( )<\/code><\/li>
    3. {<\/code><\/li>
    4. . \/\/<\/code><\/li>
    5. }<\/code><\/li>
    6. void loop ( )<\/code><\/li>
    7. {<\/code><\/li>
    8. .<\/code><\/li>
    9. .<\/code><\/li>
    10. }<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
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      Int<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      The data type int encompasses whole numbers such as 1, 27, 39, -11, -27, -46, etc. They do not have a fractional part (mantissa)<\/strong>. The integer data type is considered a basic data type for storing numbers. The size of the int data type is two bytes (16 bits). The range of the int data type includes numbers from -32768 to 32767 or in exponential notation from – (2^15) to ((2^15) – 1).<\/p>

      In AVR ATmega microcontrollers and the Arduino UNO R3 board, the int data type stores values up to two bytes in size. However, for the Arduino Zero and Arduino MKR1000 boards based on the SAMD21 microcontroller, as well as the Arduino Due, the int data type stores values from 4 to 32 bits. Therefore, the minimum range includes numbers from -(2^31) to ((2^31)-1) or, written differently, from -2147483648 to 2147483647. Negative numbers, on the other hand, are stored in the form of powers of 2 with a natural exponent. The value of the most significant bit (MSB) determines the sign of the number. Consider the following code:<\/p>

      1. int var = val;<\/li><\/ol>

        where:<\/p>

        var = variable<\/strong>
        val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

        \u00a0<\/div><\/div>
        \u00a0For example:<\/div>
        1. int a;<\/code><\/li>
        2. int b = 4;<\/code><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          Any variable or variable identifier becomes an integer variable and can only store whole numbers. Consider the following code:<\/span><\/p>

          1. int Suma = 0;<\/li>
          2. void setup( )<\/li>
          3. {<\/li>
          4. Serial.begin(9600);<\/li>
          5. }<\/li>
          6. void loop ( )<\/li>
          7. {<\/li>
          8. Suma++; \/\/przy kazdym okrazeniu petli, suma jest zwiekszana o 1<\/li>
          9. Serial.println (Suma); \/\/wyswietlanie obecnego wyniku sumy<\/li>
          10. delay(2000); \/\/nastepne okrazenie petli za 2s<\/li>
          11. }<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            Char<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            The data type char<\/em> can store any number of character sets.<\/strong> An identifier declared as char becomes a character variable. Literals are written in single quotes. It is often said that the char type is an integer type. This is because symbols, letters, etc. are represented in memory by associated numerical codes, and these are exclusively whole numbers. The size of the char data type is at least eight bits. We can use the byte data type for an 8-bit or one-byte-long data type like unsigned char. For example, the letter ‘A’ in ASCII encoding has the numerical value assigned of 65. For this reason, if we enter the expression ‘A’ + 2, according to the ASCII standard, it will have a value of 67. Consider the code:<\/p>

            1. char var = val;<\/li><\/ol>

              where:<\/p>

              var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

              val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

              Consider the following code:<\/p>

              1. char myvariable = ‘ B ‘;<\/li>
              2. char myvariable = 66 ; \/\/ both values \u200b\u200bare equal<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                Float<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                A number containing a fractional part and a whole part is considered a floating<\/strong>-point number. For example, 3.142 is a floating-point number. The number 14 is an integer, and 14.0 is a floating-point number. Due to greater precision, fractional numbers are used to approximate continuous and analog values (e.g., when measuring electrical voltages using an ADC converter built into a microcontroller). Floating-point numbers can also be written in exponential form. Numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 and as small as -3.4028235E+38. Thus, the size of the float data type is 4 bytes or 32 bits.<\/p>

                Consider the code:<\/p>

                1. float var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                  where:<\/p>

                  var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                  val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

                  Consider the code:<\/p>

                  1. int x ;<\/code><\/li>
                  2. int y ;<\/code><\/li>
                  3. float z ;<\/code><\/li>
                  4. void setup ( )<\/code><\/li>
                  5. {<\/code><\/li>
                  6. Serial.begin (9600);<\/code><\/li>
                  7. }<\/code><\/li>
                  8. void loop ( )<\/code><\/li>
                  9. {<\/code><\/li>
                  10. x = 3 ;<\/code><\/li>
                  11. y = x\/2 ; \/\/ y is an int variable and cannot store fractions, so it will return 1<\/code><\/li>
                  12. z = (float) x \/ 2.0 ; \/\/ z stores the value 1.5 because it is of type float<\/code><\/li>
                  13. \/\/ this means we have to use division by 2.0 instead of 2<\/code><\/li>
                  14. }<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                    \u00a0<\/p>

                    From the above code, it follows that even if we use whole numbers for floating-point calculations, we should append a decimal point and a zero to them. Otherwise, the compiler will understand that we used an integer and will return integer values. Floating-point numbers can also be converted to integer form. Consider the code:<\/p>

                    1. float a =4.7 ;<\/code><\/li>
                    2. int b = a + 0.5 ; \/\/ the program returns the value 5<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                      \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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                      Double<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                      The double<\/code> data type is also used for handling decimal or floating-point numbers. It occupies twice as much memory as the float<\/code> type. It stores floating-point numbers with greater precision and range. The double<\/code> type denotes double-precision floating-point numbers and takes up four bytes on ATmega and UNO boards and 8 bytes on Arduino Due. Consider the code:<\/p>

                      1. double var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                        where:<\/p>

                        var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                        val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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                        Unsigned int<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                        The unsigned int<\/code> type stores a value up to two bytes or 16 bits. It holds only positive values. The range of the unsigned int<\/code> data type is from 0 to 65,535 or from 0 to ((2^16) \u2013 1). Arduino Due stores an unsigned data value of 4 bytes or 32 bits. The difference between the unsigned data type and the signed one is the sign bit. In a 16-bit number, 15 bits are interpreted with two’s complement, while the most significant bit is interpreted as a positive or negative number. If the most significant bit is “1”, it is considered a negative number. Consider the code:<\/p>

                        1. unsigned int var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                          where:<\/p>

                          var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                          val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

                          For example:<\/p>

                          1. unsigned int pinLED = 3;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                            Short<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                            Short<\/code> is an integer data type that stores two bytes or 16-bit data.<\/p>

                            The range of the short<\/code> variable type is from -32768 to 32767 or \u2013 (2^15) to ((2^15) \u2013 1). Arduinos based on ARM and ATmega microcontrollers typically store the short<\/code> data type value in two bytes. Consider the code:<\/p>

                            1. short var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                              where:<\/p>

                              var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                              val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

                              For example:<\/p>

                              1. short pinLED = 3;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t

                                Long<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                The long<\/code> data type is considered to be an extended size variable that stores four bytes (32 bits). The size range of the long<\/code> data type spans from -2147483648 to 2147483647. When using integers, at least one of the numbers should be followed by the letter L, which enforces the number to be of the long<\/code> data type. Consider the code:<\/p>

                                1. long var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                                  where:<\/p>

                                  var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                                  val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

                                  For example:<\/p>

                                  1. long speed = 186000L;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t

                                    Unsigned long<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                    Data types of the unsigned long<\/code> kind are also considered to be extended size variables that store 4 bytes (32 bits). However, this type does not store negative numbers, like other unsigned data types, making its range span from 0 to 4,294,967,295 or (2^32 \u2013 1). Consider the code:<\/p>

                                    1. unsigned long var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>

                                      where:<\/p>

                                      var = variable<\/strong><\/p>

                                      val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>

                                      For example:<\/p>

                                      1. unsigned long time;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t

                                        Byte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                        Byte is an unsigned data type that stores values between 0 and 255. Consider the code:<\/p>

                                        1. byte var = val;<\/pre><\/li><\/ol>
                                          where:<\/p>
                                          var = variable<\/strong><\/p>
                                          val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>
                                          For example:<\/p>
                                          1. byte x = 22;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                            \n\t\t\t\t
                                            \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                            Word<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                            \n\t\t\t\t
                                            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                            The word type concerns non-negative numbers written in sixteen bits or two bytes and ranges from 0 to 65535. Let’s consider the code:<\/p>
                                            1. word var = val;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>
                                              where:<\/p>
                                              var = variable<\/strong><\/p>
                                              val = value assigned to the variable<\/strong><\/p>
                                              For example:<\/p>
                                              1. word d = 5000;<\/code><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                                Variables in programming are some of the most important elements that constitute the code of a program. This also applies to programming on the Arduino platform.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":42594,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[335,336],"tags":[441],"class_list":["post-42593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arduino-en","category-interesting-facts","tag-programming"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat types of variables do we have in Arduino? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Variables in programming are some of the most important elements that constitute the code of a program. 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