Electronics. From practice to theory. Subsequent experiments - Charles Platt

Table of contents

• Acknowledgements (XV)
• Introduction (XVII)
• Preparations (XXIII)

Experiment 1. Sticky resistance (1)

• Adhesive based amplifier (1)
  
  • How does it work? (2)
  • Symbolism (3)
• Note: customized output configuration (4)
• Context: conductors and isolators (4)
• Further modifications (5)

Experiment 2: We come to certain values (7)

• Requirements (7)
• Transistor operation (7)
  
  • Note: danger of damage to the meter (11)
  • Abbreviations and catalogue notes (11)
  • What about the voltage? (12)
  • Basic knowledge about voltage (15)
• Further modifications: use of gauges (16)
• Basic information on transistors (16)
• Responses to the Voltage Calculation Task (17)

Experiment 3: From light to sound (19)

• Acoustic wave generator with frequency dependent on light intensity (19)

Experiment 4: Measurement of light (23)

• Use of phototransistors (24)
• Basic knowledge on phototransistors (24)
  
  • Background: photons and electrons (24)
• Basic knowledge of the 555 system (25)
• Basic differences between clock systems based on CMOS structure and bipolar transistor (28)

Experiment 5: This choking sound (29)

• Further modifications (30)

Experiment 6. Easy switching (33)

• Comparison (33)
  
  • Basic news on comparators (34)
• Feedback (35)
• Hysteresis (36)
• Symbol (37)
  
  • Basic knowledge of pros and cons (38)
• Exit (38)
  
  • More basic information on comparators (39)
• Inside the system (40)
• We redraw the diagram (40)
  
  • Note: inverted comparators (41)
• Comparison with microcontrollers (41)
• Further modifications: laser security system (42)

Experiment 7: The automatic lamp controller (43)

• Caution: avoid dangerous voltage (43)
• Circuit bases (44)
  
  • Step two (45)
  • Circuit testing (46)
  • Details of relay construction (46)
• Transmission of energy by means of a capacitor (47)
• Clock removal (48)
  
  • Note: do not use AC powered watches (48)
  • Looking inside the watch (48)
  • The voltage under which the watch operates (49)
  • How does it ring? (50)
• Use of buzzer signal (51)
  
  • Connecting alarm clock (53)
• How should this work? (54)
• Testing (55)
  
  • Connecting a lamp to a relay (56)
  • Caution: precautions to be taken when working with alternating current (56)
• Further modifications (57)
• What's next? (58)

Experiment 8. Playing with sound (59)

• Strengthening (59)
  
  • Electret microphone (59)
• Can you hear me? (60)
• Context: Microphone related curiosities (62)
• Sound turbulence (62)

Experiment 9. From millivolts to volts (65)

• Add a capacitor (65)
• Operating amplifier - introduction (66)
• What's the difference? (66)
• The perfect pair (67)
• Output signal measurement (68)

Experiment 10. From sound to light (71)

• Diode-transistor connection (71)

Experiment 11. Need for negative feedback (73)

• Measurement (73)
• DC amplification (73)
  
  • Amplifier input and output signals (75)
  • Electron calming (77)
  • Reinforcement (78)
• Background: the origin of negative feedback (79)
  
  • Exceeding the restrictions (79)
• Determination of the degree of amplification (80)
  
  • Phase 1: Output voltages (81)
  • Phase 2: Input voltage (82)
  • Phase 3: drawing the diagram (84)
  • Phase 4: Gain factor (84)
  • Is the result correct? (85)
• Sharing the difference (86)
• Basics (87)
  
  • Primary circuits without symmetrical power supply (88)
• Basic knowledge on operational amplifiers (89)

Experiment 12. Practical amplifier (91)

• LM386 - introduction (91)
• Amplifier circuit (92)
• Amplifier fault detection and correction (93)

Experiment 13. Silence! (95)

• Background: Forklift's story (95)
• Step by step (95)
• Detection (96)
• Will this really work? (96)
• Background: voltage change (98)
• Continuation of noise prevention (100)
• Power supply problems (102)
• Failure? (103)
• Just one more little thing. (104)

Experiment 14: Effective noise abatement (105)

• Everything depends on time (105)
  
  • Summary of changes (107)
  • Noise testing (108)
  • Further modifications (109)
• Can you do it with a microcontroller? (110)
• What's next? (110)

Experiment 15. Everything is so logical! (111)

• Experiment 15. - testing telepathy (111)
• Background: extrasensory perception (111)
• Preparations (111)
• Basic logic messages (114)
• Logic systems for testing extrasensory perception (115)
• We connect the circuit (116)
• Design enhancement (117)

Experiment 16. Improved extrasensory perception tester (119)

• Are you ready? (119)
  
  • Fraud detection (120)
  • Signal of failure (120)
• Conflicts (121)
  
  • We solve the problem (122)
  • We use the diagram (122)
• Optimisation (124)
• We're building a system (126)
• Details (128)
• Differences between digital and analogue circuits (129)
• Further circuit upgrading (129)
• Harder than you thought? (129)
• Can you do it with a microcontroller? (130)

Experiment 17. Let's play! (131)

• Background: probability (131)
  
  • Background: game theory (132)
• Logic (132)
  
  • Why did you win? (134)
• Who cheats? (135)
• Background: Gateway matrices (135)

Experiment 18. Time for switches (137)

• Background: XNOR system built with switches (138)
• Let's get back in the game (138)
• Informing which button was pressed (139)
• Counteracting in-game cheating (141)
• Signalling a draw (143)
• Circuit construction (144)
• Counterfeit protection circuit design (147)
• Conclusions (148)

Experiment 19. Decoding telepathy (151)

• Decoder testing (151)
• Use of binary code (154)
• Placing components on the board (156)
• Decoder connector configuration (158)

Experiment 20: Decoding paper, stone, scissors (159)

• Logic (160)
• Specification (161)
• OR gateway not available (161)
• NOR gateway (162)
• Installation of components on a prototype plate (163)
• Further modifications (167)
• Coding (168)

Experiment 21. Hot Slot Machine (169)

• Multiplexing (169)
  
  • Playing with wires (170)
  • Basic messages for multiplexers (171)
  • Multiplexer connector configuration (172)
  • Use of multiplexer (172)
  • Comparison of analogue and digital multiplexers (173)
  • Basic information on different types of multiplexers (174)
• Game design (175)
  
  • Counting holes (175)
  • Circuit diagram (176)
• Construction of coin holes (179)
  
  • Circuit testing (179)
• Who wins? (179)
  
  • Profitability (180)
  • Why is this happening? (181)
  • Background: alternative versions of the game (182)
• And the microcontroller? (183)

Experiment 22: Audio signal generating logic (185)

• Background: theremin (185)
• Logical Audio System (185)
• XOR gateway in audio circuit (185)
• Mixing (186)

Experiment 23rd Bracht (189)

• Background: British king of puzzles (189)
• Movable chips (189)
• Fields of play (190)
• Use of logic (191)
• Ovid's game based on switches (192)
• Further modifications (193)
• Solving the puzzle (194)

Experiment 24. Summary (195)

• Five principles of the binary system (195)
  
  • From Bits to States (196)
  • Context: alternative use of NAND gateway (199)
• Your own little combiner (200)
• Adding a prototype plate (200)

Experiment 25. Extension of the combiner (203)

• Decoder return (203)
• Switches in a double double-row housing (204)
  
  • Encoder input (205)
• Other encoder characteristics (206)
  
  • Context: the power of binary numbers (206)
  • Background: creating your own encoder (207)
• Further modifications: other data input methods (208)
  
  • Can we build this system on the basis of switches? (208)
• Further modifications: binary combiner based on switches (208)
  
  • Creating a table (210)
  • Key specifications (210)
• Further modifications: other options (211)

Experiment 26. Moving rings (213)

• Demonstration of the ring counter (213)
  
  • Note: Clock system incompatibility (213)
  • Annoying pin order (213)
  • Basics for goldpins (215)
  • Basic information on ring counters (216)
• Creating a game (217)
  
  • Additional functions (218)
  • Playability (220)
• Further modifications (221)
• And the microcontroller? (222)

Experiment 27. Bit shifting (223)

• No knocks (223)
  
  • Specificity (223)
• Demonstration of the operation of the shifting register (225)
  
  • Basic messages on shifting registers (226)
  • Connector configuration (227)
• Background: Bitstreams (227)
• Modern application (228)

Experiment 28th Oracle (229)

• Hexagrams (229)
  
  • Display (230)
  • Continuous and dashed line (230)
  • Numbers (231)
  • Random sampling (232)
  • Look and feel (234)
  • Details (235)
  • Panels or LEDs (235)
  • Assembly of the oracle system on a prototype plate (237)
  • Assembly and testing (240)
  • Use of the oracle (241)
• Housing (242)

Experiment 29. Popular sensors (243)

• Small magnetic switch (243)
  
  • Reed switch testing (244)
  • How does it work? (245)
• Level sensor (245)
  
  • Fuel gauge (246)
  • Basic messages about the contacts (247)
  • Easy substitution (248)
  • Installation of reed switch (248)
• Context: magnetic polarisation (248)
  
  • Magnet types and sources (249)
  • Magnet shapes (249)
  • Further modifications: eddy currents (251)
• Note: magnetic hazards (252)

Experiment 30. Hidden sensors (253)

• Hallotron testing (253)
  
  • Applications (255)
• Basic Hallotron news (256)
  
  • Hallotron types (256)
  • Use of sensors (257)
• Further modifications: miniature ball game (258)
• Tube bending (259)
• Ball Motion Detection Electronics (260)

Experiment 31. Optoelectronics (261)

• Active light-response sensors (261)
  
  • Note: Slow sensor wear (263)
• Numbers (263)
  
  • Infrared sensor testing (263)
  • Testing of an infrared LED (265)
  • Phototransistor testing (265)
  • Testing the logic (266)
  • Options (266)
  • Basics for transmission optical sensors (267)
• Improved coin holes (267)
  
  • Will the project work in practice? (267)
  • Diagram (270)
  • Prototype plate (271)
• Housing with coin holes (272)

Experiment 32. Improving Ovidius' game (277)

• Application of logic (277)
  
  • Switching (278)
  • Magnetic field problems (279)
• Further modifications: use of microcontroller (280)

Experiment 33: Reading the rotation (283)

• What is an incremental encoder? (283)
  
  • Specification (283)
  • Pulse sequence (284)
  • Note: Measured copies (284)
• Inside the encoder (285)
• Use of encoders (285)
• This could be random. (286)
  
  • Turnover decision (287)
  • Rotary evasion (288)
• True draw (290)

Experiment 34. Environmental sensors (291)

• Clock system controlling another clock system (291)
  
  • Temperature control (292)
  • Random factors (293)
  • Automation of the drawing circuit (293)
  • Background: reducing the operating range of the meter (294)
  • Speed control (295)
• Basic knowledge about thermistors (296)
  
  • Even more random thermistor operation (296)
• Moisture sensor (297)
  
  • Moisture control (297)
• Accelerometer (297)
• Touch sensor (298)
• Empirical issues (299)
• How random is randomness? (299)

Experiment 35. linear feedback sliding register (301)

• We are acquainted with the linear feedback sliding register (301)
  
  • Basic information on LFSR (304)
  • Registry movement seen close up (304)
  • Problem with zeroes (304)
  • The need for uniqueness (305)
  • Note: Gate specificity XNOR (308)
  • Performance of the test (308)
  • Units and zeros (310)
  • Decomposition problem (311)
  • Omitting 254 (311)
  • Clock input signal splitting (312)
  • Any other options? (313)
• Grain (313)
• Further modifications: other games and other figures (313)
• Further modifications: randomness and microcontrollers (316)

Experiment 36: A device to test the extrasensory perception of one person (317)

• Recent logic schemes (317)
  
  • Let's look at the second part of the circuit (318)
  • Logical circuit inputs (319)
  • Standby signal (320)
  • Starting the sequence generation from a random number (320)
  • Two more XOR goals (320)
  • It all depends on the clock systems (321)
• Each sample count (323)
  
  • Diagram of the second part of the circuit (324)
  • Tester testing (326)
• How unlikely is extrasensory perception? (326)
• Triangle possibilities (328)
• Probability according to John Walker (328)

Chapter 37. Is it over? (331)

• Bibliography (333)
• Buying components (335)
• Scorch (363)