Electronics for small and large. From the wire to the circuit. Oyvind Nydal Dahl

Table of contents

• Preface (xvii)
• Thanks (xix)

Introduction (xxi)

• About the book. (xxii)
  • Who should read this book? (xxii)
  • How to read this book? (xxii)
  • What do I find in this book? (xxiii)
• Your electronic laboratory (xxv)
  • Useful stocks (xxv)
  • Safety is paramount! (xxvii)

PART I. PLAYING WITH ELECTRICITY

1. What is electricity? (3)

• Project 1. Turn on the light! (4)
  • Shopping list (4)
  • Step 1: Look at the bulb (4)
  • Step 2: Connect the bulb to the battery (5)
• Why does the current flow make the bulb light up? (5)
  • What is an electron? (6)
  • The voltage causes the motion of electrons (6)
  • Current flow rate (7)
  • The electrical resistance reduces the current (7)
  • Why is the bulb glowing? (8)
• Why does an electrical circuit resemble a hydraulic system? (9)
• Switch (10)
• Project 2 Burglar alarm (11)
  • Shopping list (12)
  • Tools (13)
  • Step 1. Does the buzzer make a sound? (13)
  • Step 2: Prepare the aluminium (14)
  • Step 3: Stick the film to the door (15)
  • Step 4: Prepare the alarm activation wire (15)
  • Step 5 Connect the buzzer to the activation wire (16)
  • Step 6: Install buzzer and alarm activation wire (16)
  • Step 7 Add power source (17)
  • Step 8 Check alarm operation (17)
  • Step 9. What if the burglar alarm doesn't work? (17)
• What's next? (18)

2. putting objects into motion by means of current and magnets (19)

• How does the magnet work? (20)
  • • Check this: Find objects made of magnetic materials (21)
• Electromagnet (22)
• Project 3: Create your own electromagnet (23)
  • Shopping list (24)
  • Tools (25)
  • Step 1: Look at the screw (25)
  • Step 2: Remove the insulation from one end of the wire (26)
  • Step 3: Wind the wire (27)
  • Step 4: Connect the negative pole of the coil battery (28)
  • Step 5: Connect the switch (28)
  • Step 6. Check your electromagnet! (30)
  • Step 7. What if the electromagnet is not working? (31)
• Engine (31)
• Project 4: Build your own engine (32)
  • Shopping list (34)
  • Tools (35)
  • Step 1: Make the rotor (35)
  • Step 2: Make the motor support structure (36)
  • Step 3: Install magnets (37)
  • Step 4: Reinsulate the coil part (38)
  • Step 5 Start the engine (39)
  • Step 6. What if the engine is not running? (40)
• What's next? (41)

3. electricity generation (43)

• Generating electricity with magnets (44)
  • Alternating magnetic field produces electricity (44)
  • How does the generator work? (45)
    • Electricity generation by water and wind (46)
• Multimeter (47)
  • How to perform voltage measurement? (47)
  • What is the difference between alternating and direct current? (48)
• Project 5 Shock generator (49)
  • Shopping list (50)
  • Tools (50)
  • Step 1: Prepare the tube (51)
  • Step 2: Wind the coil (52)
  • Step 3: Connect the multimeter (52)
  • Step 4. Shake the generator! (53)
  • Step 5. What if the meter shows no voltage? (54)
    • Check this: Motor as a power generator (55)
• How do the batteries work? (55)
  • What's inside the battery? (55)
  • Chemistry inside the battery (56)
  • What does the battery voltage depend on? (57)
• Design 6 Lemon power generating light (58)
  • LED (58)
  • Shopping list (59)
  • Tools (60)
  • Step 1: Prepare the cables (60)
  • Step 2 Put the electrodes in the lemon (61)
  • Step 3: Make three more cells (62)
  • Step 4: combine lemons in series (62)
  • Step 5 Check battery operation (64)
    • Check this: Other food batteries (65)
  • Step 6. What if there is no light? (65)
• What's next? (66)

PART II. CIRCUITRY

4. light generation by means of LEDs (69)

• Resistor (70)
  • Resistor barcode (70)
    • Saving large values (72)
  • What are resistors made of? (72)
  • Resistors influence voltage and current (73)
• Introduction of Ohm's law (73)
• Project 7. Let's destroy the LED! (74)
  • Shopping list (75)
  • Step 1: Identify the LED connectors (75)
  • Step 2. Burn that diode! (76)
  • Step 3. What if nothing happened? (76)
• How to use LEDs correctly (76)
  • • Low value recording (77)
  • LED protection with resistor (77)
  • Calculation of required resistance (78)
• Design 8. LED power supply (78)
  • Shopping list (79)
  • Step 1: Twist the resistor and LED connectors (79)
  • Step 2 Connect the battery clip cables (80)
  • Step 3. Let's make it clear! (80)
  • Step 4. What if the LED is not working? (81)
• Joining circuits on a prototype plate (81)
  • Connecting components and cables (81)
  • Cables used for working with a prototype plate (83)
• Design 9. your first circuit made on a prototype plate (84)
  • Purchase list (84)
  • Step 1: Mount the resistor (85)
  • Step 2: Mount the LED (86)
  • Step 3: Fit the battery clip (86)
  • Step 4. What if the LED is not working? (87)
• What's next? (87)

5. flashing light generation (89)

• Capacitor (90)
  • How does the capacitor work? (90)
  • Polarised and non-polarised capacitors (91)
  • Capacity of capacitors (92)
• Design 10. Capacitor testing (92)
  • Purchase list (93)
  • Step 1: Make the LED circuit (94)
  • Step 2: Add capacitor (94)
  • Step 3. Charge the capacitor (95)
  • Step 4: Power the LED with a capacitor (95)
  • Step 5. What if the circuit is not working? (95)
• Description of circuits by means of symbols (95)
• Relay (97)
  • Flashing light with relay (99)
  • Slowing down the flashes (100)
• Project 11: Flashing of light (101)
  • Purchase list (102)
  • Step 1 Relay connector identification (103)
  • Step 2 Make the relay work fast (104)
  • Step 3: Make the relay longer activated (105)
  • Step 4: Make the relay longer off (106)
  • Step 5 Add LED and resistor (106)
  • Step 6. What if the LED is not flashing? (108)
    • Check this: Make an improved version of the burglar alarm (108)
• What's next? (109)

6. Start soldering! (111)

• Soldering (112)
  • Principles of safe soldering connections (113)
  • Warm up the soldering iron (114)
  • Clean soldering tip (115)
  • Tin the soldering iron main (115)
  • Heat up the soldered wire and soldering field (115)
  • Add solder binder (116)
  • Take the soldering iron (116)
  • Beware of incorrect connections (117)
• Design 12. make a soldered version of your first circuit with LED (118)
  • Shopping list (118)
  • Tools (119)
  • Step 1 Place the components on the board (120)
  • Step 2: Bend component connectors (120)
    • How to read circuit board illustrations? (121)
  • Step 3: Heat up and clean the soldering iron (122)
  • Step 4: Solder the resistor and LED (122)
  • Step 5: Shorten component connectors (122)
  • Step 6 Solder the battery clip (123)
  • Step 7. Let there be light! (124)
  • Step 8. What if the soldered version of the LED circuit does not work? (124)
• Oh, dear! How can I dismantle a soldered component? (125)
• Project 13: Soldering the battery clip (126)
  • Shopping list (126)
  • Tools (126)
  • Step 1. Heat up the soldering iron (127)
  • Step 2. Put the wick on the wick (127)
  • Step 3: Heat up the soldering connection and wick (128)
  • Step 4: Cut off the used wick fragment (128)
  • Step 5: Soldering the second battery clip cable (129)
    • Check this: Make more soldering connections! (129)
• What's next? (130)

7. control by means of electricity (131)

• Transistor (132)
  • What do you need a transistor for? (133)
  • How does a transistor work? (134)
  • LED control with transistor (135)
• Project 14 Build a Touch Detection circuit (136)
  • Purchase list (138)
  • Tools (139)
  • Step 1 Place the components on the multipurpose board (140)
  • Step 2 Check the location of the components (140)
  • Step 3: Solder the components and cut off any unnecessary pieces of their joints (140)
  • Step 4: Make a touch-sensitive field (141)
  • Step 5: Connect the circuit to the battery! (142)
  • Step 6 Check sensor operation (142)
  • Step 7. What if the touch sensor is not working? (142)
    • Check this: Can the sensor distinguish between different types of touch? (144)
• Variable resistance resistors (144)
  • Potentiometer (145)
  • Photoresistor (145)
• Voltage sharing with resistors (146)
  • What does a voltage divider look like? (146)
  • Calculating the output voltage of the voltage divider (147)
  • How can a voltage divider be useful for measuring light intensity? (148)
• Project 15: Build an alarm clock to detect the sunrise (148)
  • Shopping list (150)
  • Tools (151)
  • Step 1: Mount the components on the prototype plate (152)
  • Step 2: Solder the components and shorten the connectors (152)
  • Step 3: Connect buzzer (153)
  • Step 4: Make the remaining connections with wires (154)
  • Step 5: Attach the battery clip (155)
  • Step 6 Configure the alarm clock (155)
  • Step 7. What if no alarm is heard? (156)
    • Check this: Fan with temperature sensitive controller (157)
• What's next? (159)

8 Build a musical instrument (161)

• Integrated circuit (162)
• Integrated circuits and their documentation (162)
• Electricity and sound generation (163)
• Sounds heard by people (164)
• Timer 555 (164)
  • Integrated circuit power supply (164)
  • How to determine the timer output frequency 555 (166)
• Project 16: Generate sound with timer 555 (167)
  • Purchase list (169)
  • Step 1: Mount the 555 timer on the prototype plate (170)
  • Step 2: Determine frequency (171)
  • Step 3: Connect speaker and coupling capacitor (171)
  • Step 4: Connect power supply and reset signal (173)
  • Step 5. It's time to generate a sound! (173)
  • Step 6. What if you can't hear the sound? (174)
    • Team checking of connections (174)
• Turning annoying buzzing into music (175)
• Project 17: An instrument that generates different sounds (175)
  • Shopping list (177)
  • Step 1: Connect clock system 555 and capacitors (178)
  • Step 2: Connect the connection wires (179)
  • Step 3: Install potentiometer and resistor (179)
  • Step 4: Mount the switch (180)
  • Step 5: Connect a speaker (181)
  • Step 6: Launch the instrument (182)
  • Step 7. What if the instrument does not work? (183)
    • Check this: Make a motion-controlled instrument (183)
• What's next? (184)

PART III. DIGITAL WORLD

9. How do the circuits process zeros and ones? (187)

• Single and zeroes as tension (188)
• Binary system (188)
• Project 18: Conversion of numbers from binary to decimal (190)
  • Tools (190)
  • Step 1: Write down the number on the sheet (190)
  • Step 2 Save item values (191)
  • Step 3 Determine the value of each digit (191)
  • Step 4 Add numbers (192)
    • Check this: Transform other binary numbers (192)
• Bits and bytes (193)
• Numbers can describe everything (193)
• Project 19. Game of colour guessing (194)
  • RGB LED (195)
  • Shopping list (196)
  • Step 1: Install the color picker buttons (197)
  • Step 2 Connect RGB LED (198)
  • Step 3: Install a button to activate the colour display (198)
  • Step 4 Check the colour display mechanism (199)
  • Step 5. What if the game doesn't work? (200)
    • Check it out: Make a soldered version of the color guessing game (200)
• How can binary numbers create words? (201)
• Project 20: Machine for transmitting encrypted messages (202)
• DIP switch (204)
  • Purchase list (204)
  • Step 1 Connect the push button switch (205)
  • Step 2 Connect the DIP switch (206)
  • Step 3: Connect the LEDs (207)
  • Step 4. Send an encrypted message! (209)
  • Step 5. What if the project does not work? (210)
    • Why do computers process zeros and ones? (211)
• What's next? (212)

(10) Circuits that take decisions (213)

• It's just logic. (214)
• Logical Gates (215)
  • Gateway AND seeks two truths (216)
  • The OR Gateway seeks one truth (216)
  • NOT gateway inverts input signal (217)
  • Bigger gateway AND (217)
• How to present the logical circuit in the diagram? (218)
  • Secret code logical equation (218)
  • Conversion of the logical equation into a circuit diagram (219)
    • Check this: Convert more logic sentences into circuits (220)
• The use of logical gates in practice (220)
  • • More about current, components and transistors (222)
• Project 21 Secret code verifier (223)
  • Shopping list (224)
  • Tools (226)
  • How to power the board with a different voltage? (226)
    • Increasing circuit stability (227)
  • Step 1: Install switches and resistors (228)
  • Step 2: Mount the integrated circuits (228)
  • Step 3 Mount transistor and LED (229)
  • Step 4: Connect the logic circuit (230)
  • Step 5: Connect the wires to the transistor (233)
    • Protection of components (234)
  • Step 6 Connect the power supply and check the operation of the secret code verifier (234)
  • Step 7. What if the LED does not light up? (235)
    • Check this: Disarm burglar alarm (236)
• Negative Logical Gates (237)
  • The NAND gate looks for one falsehood (237)
  • The NOR gate looks for a falsehood at both entrances (237)
• What's next? (238)

11 Circuits that store data (239)

• Saving a single bit (240)
• Better memory chip (241)
• Memory whose contents change only at a certain point in time (241)
• The gearshift output signal can switch different components on and off (244)
• Project 22: Electronic Coin for Play (245)
  • Shopping list (247)
  • Step 1: Connect the oscillator circuit (249)
  • Step 2 Connect the start button (249)
  • Step 3: Build an on/off circuit for the LEDs (251)
  • Step 4: Install the LEDs for the remnant and the eagle (252)
  • Step 5. Toss this "coin" (253)
  • Step 6. What if the electronic coin does not work? (254)
• What's next? (255)

12. Let's build a game! (257)

• Reflex testing game (259)
  • Symbols for supply voltage and ground (259)
    • Why is the supply voltage marked with the UCC symbol? (260)
  • Timer 555 for the speed of light movement (260)
  • LED switch-on meter (262)
  • Diverter to activate and stop the light movement (263)
• Project 23: Reflex Testing Game (265)
  • Purchase list (267)
  • Tools (268)
  • Step 1: Build a timer circuit 555 (269)
  • Step 2 Make the LED control circuit (271)
  • Step 3 Connect the start/stop circuit (274)
  • Step 4. Practice your reflexes! (276)
  • Step 5. What if the game doesn't work? (276)
    • Check this: Change the speed of light movement (278)
• Add a buzzer to the game (279)
• What's next? Start working on other interesting projects! (280)

Useful resources (281)

• Pulls for easy reading of element values (282)
  • Resistor barcode (282)
  • Capacitor designations (283)
• Standard prefixes (284)
• Brief reminder of Ohm's law (285)
• Basic voltage divider circuit (285)
• E-shops with electronic components (286)
• Websites (287)

Scorch (289)