Programming AVR systems for practitioners - Elliot Williams

The contents

Introduction (11)

Part I. THE BASICS

1. Introduction (19)

• What is the microcontroller? Total image (19)
  • Computer in one system... (19)
  • ...really small computer (20)
  • What can microcontrollers do? (21)
• Equipment: the image in general (21)
• Core: processor, memory and input / output systems (23)
• Peripheral systems: facilitating life (25)

2. Programming of the AVR chips (29)

• AVR system programming (29)
  • The tool chain (29)
• Software tools (32)
  • Configuring in Linux (33)
  • Configuring in Windows (33)
  • Configuring in the Mac (34)
  • Configuring in the Arduino module (34)
  • The make program and makefiles (34)
• AVR and Arduino (35)
  • The advantages of the Arduino platform (35)
  • The shortcomings of the Arduino platform (35)
  • Arduino: hardware or software? This and that! (37)
  • Arduino is an AVR (37)
  • Arduino is a programmer of the AVR chips (40)
• Other hardware programmers (42)
  • My favorite programmers (42)
• Getting started: blinking LEDs (43)
• Connections (44)
• Connectors of ISP (46)
• The program AVRDUDE (48)
• Configuring the makefiles (51)
• Flash memory (53)
• Solving problems (53)

3. The digital outputs (55)

• blinkLED, version 2.0 (56)
  • The code structure of C language for AVR system (57)
  • Hardware registers (57)
  • Summary of program blinkLED (60)
• Light toy (61)
• System building (61)
• Beautiful patterns: code for toys (65)
• Experiment! (67)

4. Manipulations on bits (69)

• The work with code: Cylon eyes (70)
• The manipulation of bits and the eyes of the Cylons (71)
  • Moving bits (71)
• Advanced bit manipulation: more than the eyes of Cylons (74)
  • Turning on the bits using the OR operator (76)
  • Switching the bits with XOR operator (78)
  • Disabling the bits using AND and NOT operators (79)
• Show offs (81)
• Summary (83)

5. Serial input and output (85)

• Serial communication (85)
• Implementation of serial communication in AVR system: design of feedback loop (88)
  • Setting: the AVR system (88)
  • Setup: computer (90)
  • Setup: USB serial port adapter (90)
  • Checking the whole: testingfeedback loop (91)
  • Removing problems with serial connections (94)
• Configuring the USART module: details (94)
• The organs from the system AVR (99)
  • Music from the microcontroller (101)
  • Music library (103)
  • Code (104)
  • Superadditions (106)
• Summary (108)

6. Digital inputs (109)

• Buttons, switches, etc. (109)
  • Setup of inputs: registers DDR, PORT and PIN (111)
  • Interpretation of key presses (113)
• Status change (115)
• Elimination of bounces (116)
• Example of code that handles bounces (118)
• Music box (120)
  • Program code (120)
• The button for the boss (122)
• Scripts for desktop computer (123)
• The extensions (126)

7. Analog-digital converter - part 1. (129)

• An overview of the elements of the AVR system (130)
• Light meter (133)
  • Circuit (133)
  • Program code (137)
  • The initation of the AC converter (140)
  • Extensions (141)
• Slow oscilloscope (141)
  • The code for the AVR system (143)
  • The code for the computer (145)
  • Similarities (147)
• Night lighting and a multiplexer (147)
  • Multiplexer (147)
  • Setting the bits of multiplexer (148)
  • Scheme (149)
  • Code (150)
• Summary (151)

PART II. INTERMEDIATE

8. Hardware interrupts (155)

• External interrupts: examples of the use of a button (157)
  • An example with external interrupt INT0 (158)
  • An example of the interrupt caused by the change of pin state (163)
• The capacitive sensor (165)
  • The sensor (167)
  • Program code (169)
  • Ephemeral and global variables (171)
• The debugging of circuit (173)

9. Introduction to hardware clock/counter (175)

• Clockss and counters - what do they do? (175)
• Test your reflex (177)
• Using the clock number 0 to improve 8-bit organs (182)
• AM radio (185)
  • Scheme (187)
  • The speed of the processor (187)
  • AM radio: program code (191)
• Summary (195)

10. The pulse width modulation (197)

• Light and dark LEDs: PWM technique (198)
• Power solution of PWM (200)
• Modulation of pulses using the counters (201)
  • Initializing the counters for PWM mode (203)
• The pulse width modulation on any pin (206)
  • An example of modulation of a pulse on any of the pin (206)
• Conclusion: other options for PWM and control lists of counters (208)

11. Management of servos (213)

• Servomotors (214)
  • The secret life of servomotors (215)
  • The scheme (216)
  • Program code (217)
• Solar clock with servomotor (220V)
• Creating a clock (221)
• Prepare the lasers! (223)
• Program code (225)
• Calibration of servomotors of solar clock (232)

12. Analog-digital converter - part 2. (237)

• Voltmeter (238)
  • Diagram (239)
  • Program code (242)
• Detector of steps (246)
  • Diagram (246)
  • Theory (251)
  • Exponentially weighted moving average (252)
  • Program code (255)
• Summary (258)

PART III. ADVANCED TOPICS

13. Advanced tricks with PWM (263)

• Direct digital synthesis (264)
• Creating a sinusoidal wave (267)
• Next step: mixing and loudness (269)
  • Mixing (271)
  • Dynamic volume control (273)
• Questioning the USART port (276)
• ADSR envelope (276)
• Complementary files (277)

14. Switches (279)

• Management of large currents: the switches (280)
  • Bipolar transistors (281)
  • Field transistors (MOSFET) (283)
  • Field transistors of power (284)
  • Relays (285)
  • Triaki and the relays are static (286)
  • Switches: summary (287)
• DC motors (288)

15. Additional motor control (295)

• Reversing: bridges of the type H (296)
• Program: let's spin the bridge (299)
  • Bridge H only for experts (301)
• The H bridge and pulse width modulation (302)
  • Drive mode of sign-module (303)
  • Drive mode lock-antiphase (304)
  • Comparison of drive modes (305)
• Stepper motors (307)
• Types of stepper motors (308)
• Full steps and half steps (308)
• The identification of wires of stepper motor (311)
  • Too many wires! (312)
• Double H bridge: SN754410 system (312)
• Program code (315)
• Acceleration control (318)
• Microsteps (320)

16. SPI (325)

• How does the SPI Protocol work? (326)
  • An example of an exchange of bits (328)
  • Shift registers (328)
• External memory EEPROM (331)
  • External memory (332)
• Electrical connections of example with SPI Protocol (334)
• The demo program code (335)
  • Header file of the library (337)
  • Code of library supporting the EEPROM SPI (339)
  • Function initSPI() (341)
  • Function SPI_tradeByte() (342)
  • Helping functions (343)
• Summary (344)

17. I2C (347)

• How does the I2C Protocol work? (348)
• The connections in sample project (352)
• Library support for I2C bus (353)
• Thermometer with I2C interface (356)
• Logging the data using the I2C and SPI protocols (359)
• The indicators in the EEPROM (363)
• Menu is created via the serial port (363)
• The main loop of the loging thermometer (364)

18. The memory usage of programs (367)

• The memory usage of programs (367)
  • Memory address (368)
  • The address operator: & (369)
• Indicators (372)
  • Indicators in shorter (372)
  • Pointers as function parameters (376)
  • Summary (379)
  • Optional: dereferencing of indicators (380)
• Talking voltmeter (381)
  • Data structures in the program memory and the header file (382)
  • Playing the sound and reading voltages: file .c (386)
• Creating data of audio (391)
• Different modulation code-pulse (391)
• Audio encoding by method of dualbit DPCM (391)
• Encoding DPCM: program wave2DPCM.py (394)

19. EEPROM (399)

• The use of EEPROM (400)
  • Saving the data in memory (400)
  • Reading data from the memory (405)
  • Saving and reading the EEPROM (407)
  • Organization of data in EEPROM memory (408)
• Design: scrambler of Vigenere code (412)

20. Conclusions, goodbye and encouraging (421)

• AVR: the missing chapters (421)
  • The watchdog counter (421)
  • Energy saving (422)
  • External oscillators and other sources of clocking (422)
  • Motional programs (422)
  • Analog comparator (423)
• Debugging (423)
• Put the book off and create! (423)

Index (425)