C language for AVR microcontrollers. From scratch to advanced applications - Tomasz Francuz

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Table of contents

Introduction (11)

• Example codes (12)
• Diagrams (12)
• Required parts (12)

Chapter 1 Installation of the environment and tools needed (15)

• WinAVR installation (16)
• AVR Studio installation (17)
• GNU/Linux systems (18)
• AVR Studio (19)
  
  • First application (21)
  • Adding files to the project (25)
• Toolbox programmes (27)
  
  • Linker (27)
  • Programme avr-size (31)
  • Program avr-nm (32)
  • The avr-patiento program (33)
  • Make Programme (36)
  • Output files (43)
• Libraries (46)
  
  • Library project (47)
  • Creating a library (48)
  • Including the library in the program (49)
  • Functions "obsolete" (50)
  • Overwriting library functions (50)
  • Deleting unnecessary functions and data (51)

Chapter 2 Microcontroller programming (53)

• Connection - General comments (53)
  
  • Problems (55)
• ISP programmers (55)
  
  • Programmer construction (56)
  • USBASP programmer (59)
  • Several processors in one circuit (59)
• JTAG programmers (60)
  
  • JTAGICE programmer (61)
  • JTAGICE mkII programmer (62)
  • Several processors in one circuit (62)
  • AVR Dragon (63)
• HW and parallel programmers (63)
• TPI mode (64)
• Processor programming in AVR Studio (64)
• Programming with tools provided by Atmel (65)
• AVRDUDE programme (67)
• PonyProg Programme (70)
• Fusebits and lockbits in AVR-libc (70)
  
  • Lockbits (71)
  • Fusebits (71)
• Reference number (74)
• Lockbits in AVR-libc (74)
• Fusebits in AVR-libc (75)

Chapter 3: C language bases on AVR (77)

• Arithmetic (77)
  
  • Simple data types (77)
  • Fixed arithmetic (81)
  • Variable arithmetic (87)
• Bit operations (95)
  
  • Binary representation of numbers (95)
  • Bitstream operation (96)
  • Bit-sum operation (97)
  • Exclusion sum operation (98)
  • Bit negation operation (99)
  • Bit shifting operations (100)
• Range of variables (100)
  
  • Global variables (101)
  • Local variables (102)
  • Const modifier (103)
  • Indicators (104)
  • Tables (109)
• Functions (112)
  
  • Transmission of parameters by value and reference (114)
  • Function call (114)
  • Competitive function calls (115)
• Key words (116)
  
  • Operators (116)
  • Control instructions (120)
• Preprocessor (123)
  
  • Directive #include (124)
  • Conditional Compilation Directives (124)
  • Directive #define (126)
• Header and source files (127)
  
  • Definition and declaration (128)
  • Key word static (129)
  • Key word extern (130)
  • Inline Directive (132)
  • Modifier register (136)

Chapter 4 Programme sections (141)

• Data sections (142)
  
  • Section .text (142)
  • Section .date (142)
  • Section .bss (143)
  • Section .eeprom (143)
• Sections containing programme code (144)
  
  • Subsections .init[0-9](144)
  • Subsections .fini[0-9](145)
• Special sections (146)
• Sections created by the programmer (146)
• Placing sections at the address indicated (147)

Chapter 5 Core Control and Management of Energy Consumption (149)

• RESET signal sources (149)
  
  • Power-on Reset (150)
  • External RESET signal (151)
  • Brown-out Detector (151)
  • Watchdog system (152)
• Management of energy consumption (156)
  
  • Processor sleep (157)
  • BOD switch-off (157)
  • Disabling processor subsystems (158)
  • Clock prescaler (159)
  • Other ways to minimise energy consumption (160)

Chapter 6 Dynamic memory allocation (163)

• Allocation of memory in the AVR-libc library (164)
  
  • Malloc function (166)
  • Calloc function (166)
  • Realloc function (166)
  • Free function (168)
• Memory leaks and misuse of dynamically allocated memory (169)
• How the Allocator works (171)
• Heap and stack collision detection (172)
  
  • Method I - own memory allocation functions (173)
  • Method II - checking the amount of available memory (173)
  • Method III - marker (173)
  • Method IV - Memory pattern (173)
  • V method - use of JTAG interface (176)

Chapter 7 Built-in EEPROM (177)

• Preventing damage to EEPROM contents (178)
• Read and write control for EEPROM (179)
  
  • Memory Cell Reading (180)
  • Memory cell recording (180)
• Access to EEPROM from AVR-libc (181)
  
  • Data declarations in EEPROM (182)
  • Functions to access the EEPROM (183)
  • Other functions operating on EEPROM (185)
• Wear leveling techniques (186)

Chapter 8 Access to FLASH memory (189)

• Data types related to FLASH memory (190)
• Reading data from FLASH memory (191)
• Access to FLASH memory ᡸ kB (192)

Chapter 9 XMEM interface (193)

• Use of external SRAM in the program (197)
  
  • Configuration I - only the special section is in the external memory (198)
  • Configuration II - all sections in external memory, stack in internal memory (199)
  • Configuration III - only the heap (201) is stored in the external memory.
  • Configuration IV - in the external memory heap and segment defined by the programmer (202)
  • V-configuration - there is a stack (208) in the external memory
  • ROM as external memory (208)

Chapter 10: Access to 16-bit IO registers (211)

• Access to 16-bit ADC register (211)
• Access to 16-bit timer registers (213)

Chapter 11 Delays (217)

Chapter 12: Access to CPU IO ports (221)

• Pin configuration IO (221)
• State manipulation of pins IO (225)
  
  • Change of port state to the opposite (225)
  • Setting up IO lines (226)
  • Zeroing of IO lines (226)
  • Macro definition _BV() (227)
  • Use of bit fields (227)
• Synchronizer (228)
• Practical examples (230)
  
  • 7-segment display control (230)
  • Connection of buttons (232)
  • Rotary encoder (237)
  • Matrix Keyboard (242)

Chapter 13 General purpose OI registers (245)

• Use of other registers as GPIOR (246)

Chapter 14 Interruptions (249)

• Interruption handling (251)
  
  • sei()/cli() (254)
  • Naked attribute and assembly interruption handling (254)
  • Volatile modifier (257)
  • Atomicity of access to data (263)
  • Functions of the reentrant (266)
• Practical examples (268)
  
  • Multiplexed display (268)
  • Multiplexed display with adjustable display brightness (272)
  • Key operation (276)
  • Encoder operation (279)
  • Matrix Keyboard (280)

Chapter 15 Analogue-to-digital converter (283)

• Reference voltage selection (284)
• Multiplexer (285)
• ADC transmitter (285)
  
  • Single conversion mode (286)
  • Continuous conversion mode (287)
• Single and differential inputs (287)
• Result (288)
• Triggers (288)
• Digital input blocking (289)
• Breaks ADC (289)
• Precise measurements with ADC (290)
• Oversampling (291)
  
  • Averaging (292)
  • Decymation and interpolation (292)
• Examples (292)
  
  • Analogue thermometer LM35 (293)
  • Keys (295)

Chapter 16 Analogue Comparator (301)

• Additional functions (302)
  
  • Pin blocking (302)
  • Triggering timer events (302)
  • Comparator input selection (302)
  • Triggering the ADC (303)

Chapter 17 Timers (305)

• Clock signal (306)
  
  • Internal clock signal (306)
  • External clock signal (308)
• Counter (308)
• Data comparison system (309)
  
  • Effects on pins IO (309)
• External Event Capture Module (310)
  
  • Noise reduction (311)
  • Comparator as ICP event trigger (311)
• Timer modes (312)
  
  • Simple mode (312)
  • CTC mode (315)
  • PWM modes (316)
  • Protective system (321)
  • Output signal modulator (322)
• Frequency and filling meter (323)
• RTC implementation by timer (326)
  
  • Hardware implementation (327)
  • Programme implementation (328)

Chapter 18 LCD support (331)

• Alphanumeric display support (332)
  
  • Library functions (337)
  • Defining custom characters (342)
  • Example - menu (345)
• Support for graphic displays (354)

Chapter 19 USART interface (367)

• Serial Interfaces (367)
• USART interface (368)
  
  • USART interface of the AVR microcontroller (371)
• Examples (375)
  
  • Microcontroller-PC connection (375)
  • RS485 (383)

Chapter 20, CFI Interface (391)

• Interface initialization (394)
  
  • Pin setting IO (395)
  • Clock Clock (396)
  • CPU in Master SPI mode (396)
  • Processor in slave SPI mode (397)
• Examples (397)
  
  • AVR-AVR connection (397)
  • AVR connection - serial register (403)
• USART interface in SPI mode (408)
  
  • SPI bus clocking (409)
  • SPI operating mode (409)
  • Data frame format (409)
  • Interface configuration (410)

Chapter 21 TWI Interface (413)

• Multimaster mode (416)
• Interface initialization (417)
• CPU in I2C master mode (417)
  
  • START and STOP bits (417)
  • Basic functions to work with I2C (418)
  • Cooperation with external EEPROM (422)
  • Cooperation with external FRAM (427)
  • Placing variables in an external EEPROM (427)
  • RTC clock cooperation (431)
  • Expander IO PCF8574 (436)
• CPU in I2C slave mode (437)
  
  • Example (440)

Chapter 22 USI interface (447)

• 4-bit counter and clock (447)
• USI interruptions (448)
• Pin repositioning (449)
• Use of USI interface in SPI mode (449)
  
  • SPI master mode (451)
  • SPI slave mode (452)

Chapter 23 USB interface (453)

• Power supply (454)
• Data signals (455)
• VID and PID (456)
• USB interface via converter (458)
• Software-based USB interface (459)
  
  • Electrical connection (460)
  • PC access (460)
  • Software USB to AVR interface (461)
• USB hardware interface (464)

Chapter 24 Interface 1-wire (465)

• Realization of 1-wire master on AVR (469)
  
  • Implementation of master 1-wire with IO pins (469)
  • Implementation of master 1-wire with USART interface (472)
  • High-level 1-wire operation functions (477)
• Digital thermometer DS1820 (480)

Chapter 25 Bootloader (483)

• NRWW and RWWW memory (483)
• Bootloader configuration bits (485)
  
  • Lockbits configuration from the application level (486)
• FLASH memory programming (487)
• Use of interrupts in the bootloader code (489)
  
  • Removing the interruption vector array (490)
  • Shortening the interruption vector table (491)
• Start bootloader (496)
  
  • Use of additional button/button (496)
  • Use of markers in EEPROM (497)
  • Waiting for a special character in the selected communication channel (498)
  • Application start (499)
• Application and bootloader code sharing (499)
  
  • Calling bootloader functions on ATMega256x (501) processors
  • Calling the interrupt handling function in the bootloader code (505)
  • Variable sharing between the application and the bootloader (505)
• AVR microcontrollers with built-in bootloader (507)

Chapter 26 Programme integrity check (509)

• Checksum (509)
• CRC (511)
• Automatic CRC generation (514)

Chapter 27 Code security (517)

• Security breach methods (517)
• Securely upgrade applications (518)
• Note AVR231 - AES Bootloader (519)
  
  • Setting the configuration bits (524)
  • Application preparation (526)
  • Upgrade upload (527)

Chapter 28 Combining code in C and assembler (529)

• Key word asm (530)
  
  • Types of operands (531)
  • Access to ports IO (533)
  • Access to multi-byte data (533)
  • Access to indicators (534)
  • List of modified registers (535)
  • Repeated use of assembly insert (535)
• .S files (536)
  
  • Use of assembler registers (537)
  • Examples (541)

Chapter 29 Optimising and debugging the programme (543)

• Programme optimisation (543)
  
  • Compiler options related to optimization (545)
  • Optimisation attributes (548)
• Debugging the program (551)
  
  • Start of debugging session (553)
  • Advanced control of the application flow (556)

Scorch (559)